Coaching
A coach is an individual dedicated to improving the performance of a single individual contributor or a small group of individual contributors in specific areas. Often the coach has experience performing these tasks. Typically, coaching is a long-term engagement. Typically, coaching includes a small amount of theory and a lot of repetition and assessment. Often, deliberate practice is part of coaching activities.
Deliberate Practice
Frequently, deliberate practice is an approach associated with athletes, martial artists, or musicians in their quest to improve performance. Deliberate practice "entails considerable, specific, and sustained effort to do something you can't do well—or even at all."[1] To become an expert, an individual "breaks down the skills that are required to be expert and focuses on improving those skill chunks during practice or day-to-day activities, often paired with immediate coaching feedback."[2] For example, an athlete training for the Olympics may establish strength and weight goals in hopes of winning a medal.
Deliberate practice is differentiated from reinforcement activities designed to enable an individual to maintain their current level of performance.
Plan, Do, Correct, Act (PDCA)
In lean manufacturing environments, the experimental approach referred to as plan-do-check-act (PDCA) has a significant overlap with a deliberate practice approach. In the book Toyota Kata: Managing People for Improvement Adaptiveness and Superior Results, author Mike Rother [3] refers to future performance goals as target conditions. PDCA may have a more iterative focus than deliberate practice. It includes examining what did not work as intended, investigating why, adjusting accordingly, and trying again. Typically, short PDCA cycles produce more learning than long PDCA cycles. Often PDCA cycles have durations that range from minutes to months. Often, deliberate practice is associated with years of effort.
- K. Anders Ericsson, Michael J. Prietula, and Edward T. Cokely. "The Making of an Expert." Harvard Business Review, Vol. 85, No. 7/8, pp. 114-121, 2007.
- Deliberate practice. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_ (learning_method)
- Mike Rother, Toyota Kata: Managing People for Improvement, Adaptiveness, and Superior Results, (McGraw-Hill 2009).
- Ramón Rico, Miriam Sánchez-Manzanares, Francisco Gil, and Cristina Gibson. "Team implicit coordination processes: A team knowledge-based approach." Academy of Management Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 163-184, 2008.


